BONNEVILLE POWER ADMINISTRATION WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROGRAM FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
CHAPTER 1:
PURPOSE OF AND NEED FOR ACTION
1.1 UNDERLYING
NEED FOR ACTION
1.2 PURPOSES
1.3 USES OF
THIS DOCUMENT
1.4 BACKGROUND
1.5
RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER DOCUMENTS
1.5.1 Other BPA Watershed Mitigation Program Environmental
Analysis
1.5.2 Columbia
River System Operation Review (SOR) EIS
1.5.3 Wildlife
Mitigation Program EIS
1.5.4
Coordination with Other Federal Agency Ecosystem EISs
1.6 DECISIONS
TO BE MADE
1.7 SCOPING
CHAPTER 2:
ALTERNATIVES INCLUDING THE PROPOSED ACTION
2.1 The
Alternatives
2.1.1 The
Process for Project Implementation Common to All Alternatives
2.1.2
Alternative 1: No Action
2.1.3
Alternative 2: Base Response
2.1.4
Alternative 3: Aquatic Habitat Objectives Emphasis
2.1.5
Alternative 4 - Cost and Administrative Efficiency Emphasis
2.1.6
Alternative 5 - General Environmental Protection (Environmentally
preferred)
2.1.7
Alternative 6 - Balanced Action (BPA-preferred)
2.1.8 Available
Management Techniques
CHAPTER 3: AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT
3.1 SETTING
3.2 SOILS
3.3 WATER
RESOURCES AND QUALITY
3.4 FISH
3.5
VEGETATION
3.6 WILDLIFE
3.7 LAND AND
SHORELINE USE
3.8 CULTURAL
AND HISTORIC RESOURCES
3.9 ECONOMICS
3.10
RECREATION/VISUAL
3.11 AIR
QUALITY
CHAPTER 4:
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES CHAPTER 5:
CONSULATION, REVIEW AND PERMITS APPENDIX A 2 SPECIAL VEGETATION TREATMENT TECHNIQUES, INCLUDING TECHNIQUES FOR WETLANDS AND RIPARIAN AREAS 3 AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES-CROPS AND GENERAL 4 AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES--IRRIGATION 5 AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES--ANIMAL FACILITIES 6 AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES--GRAZING 7 ROAD MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES 8 FOREST MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES 9 URBAN AREA TECHNIQUES
10 RECREATION MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES
11.1 CONTROL OF RAINFALL LEACHING
Table 2-1 Relative Use of Techniques Among Alternatives
Table 2-2. Summary of Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences (three pages) Figure 1-1 Columbia River Basin Watersheds Figure 3-1 Land Cover Characteristics
4.1 SOILS
4.1.1 Context
4.1.2 Impacts
of Alternatives: Potential Effects on Soils
/a>
4.1.3 Impacts
of Techniques: Potential Effects on Soils
4.1.4
Potential Program-Wide Mitigation Measures - Soils
4.2 Fish and
Water Resources/Quality
4.2.1 Context
4.2.2 Impacts
of Alternatives: Potential Effects on Fish and Water
Resources/Quality
Alternative 1: No Action
4.2.3 Impacts
of Techniques: Potential Effects on Fish and Water
Resources/Quality
In-channel Modifications and Habitat Improvement
4.2.4
Potential Program-Wide Mitigation Measures - Fish and Water
Resources/Quality
4.3
Vegetation
4.3.1 Context
4.3.2 Impacts
of Alternatives: Potential Effects on Vegetation
Alternative 1: No Action
4.3.3 Impacts
of Techniques: Potential Effects on Vegetation
In-channel Modifications and Habitat Improvement
4.4.2 Impacts
of Alternatives: Potential Effects on Wildlife
Alternative 1: No Action
4.4.3 Impacts
of Techniques: Potential Effects on Wildlife
In-channel Modifications and Habitat Improvement
4.4.4
Potential Program-Wide Mitigation Measures - Wildlife
4.5 Land and
Shoreline Use
4.5.1 Context
4.5.2 Impacts
of Alternatives: Potential Effects on Land and Shoreline Use
Alternative 1: No Action
4.5.3 Impacts
of Techniques: Potential Effects on Land and Shoreline Use
In-channel Modifications and Habitat Improvement
4.5.4
Potential Program-Wide Mitigation Measures - Land and Shoreline
Use
4.6 Cultural
and Historic Resources
4.6.1 Context
4.6.2 Impacts
of Alternatives: Potential Effects on Cultural and Historic
Resources
Alternative 1: No Action
4.6.3 Impacts
of Techniques: Potential Effects on Cultural and Historic
Resources
In-channel Modifications and Habitat Improvement
4.6.4
Potential Program-Wide Mitigation Measures - Cultural and
Historic Resources
4.7 Economics
4.7.1 Context
4.7.2 Impacts
of Alternatives: Potential Effects on Economics
Alternative 1: No Action
4.7.3 Impacts
of Techniques: Potential Effects on Economics
In-channel Modifications and Habitat Improvement
4.7.4
Potential Program-Wide Mitigation Measures - Economics
4.8
Recreation/Visual
4.8.1 Context
4.8.2 Impacts
of Alternatives: Potential Effects on Recreation/Visual
Alternative 1: No Action
4.8.3 Impacts
of Techniques: Potential Effects on Recreation/Visual
In-channel Modifications and Habitat Improvement
4.8.4
Potential Program-Wide Mitigation Measures - Recreation/Visual
4.9 Air
Quality
4.9.1 Context
4.9.2 Impacts
of Alternatives: Potential Effects on Air Quality
Alternative 1: No Action
4.9.3 Impacts
of Techniques: Potential Effects on Air Quality
In-channel Modifications and Habitat Improvement
4.9.4
Potential Program-Wide Mitigation Measures - Air Quality
4.10
Cumulative Impacts
4.10.1
Cumulative Impacts of All Future Watershed Management Projects
4.10.2
Cumulative Impacts of All Future Watershed Management Projects
Considered Together with Past, Present, and Future Human Actions
in the Columbia River Basin
4.11
Relationship Between Short-Term Uses and Long-Term Productivity
4.12
Irreversible and Irretrievable Commitment of Resources
4.13 Probable
Adverse Environmental Effects That Cannot be Avoided
4.13.1 Soils
4.13.2 Fish
and Water Resources/Quality
4.13.3
Vegetation
4.13.4
Wildlife
4.13.5 Land
and Shoreline Use
4.13.6
Cultural Resources
4.13.7
Economics
4.13.8
Recreation
5.1 National Environmental Policy
5.2 Wildlife,
Plants, and Habitat
5.2.1 Threatened and Endangered Species and Critical Habitat
5.2.2 Fish
and Wildlife Conservation
5.2.3 State
Fish Agencies
5.3 Heritage
Conservation/Native Americans
5.3.1 Historic Places
5.3.2 Native
Americans
5.4 State,
Area-wide, and Local Plan and Program Consistency
5.5
Environmental Justice
5.6
FLOODPLAINS AND WETLANDS
5.6.1 Floodplain/Wetlands Assessment
5.7 Farmlands
5.8 Global
Warming
5.9 Water
Resources
5.9.1 Permits for Structures in Navigable Waters
5.9.2 Permits
for Discharges into Waters of the United States
5.10 Public
Lands
5.10.1 Permits for Rights-of-Way on Public Land
5.10.2
Outdoor Recreation Resources
5.11 Energy
Conservation at Federal Facilities\l
5.12
Pollution Control
5.12.1 Contract Compliance with the Clean Air and Water Acts
5.12.2 Hazardous Waste and Toxic Substances
5.12.3
Drinking Water
5.12.4 Noise
5.12.5
Herbicides/Pesticides
5.12.6
Asbestos/Radon
CHAPTER 8: LIST OF AGENCIES, ORGANIZATIONS, AND PERSONS TO WHOM
COPIES OF THIS EIS WERE SENT
1.1 MODELING THE EFFECTS OF RIVER CHANNELIZATION
1.1.1 Overview of Technique
1.1.2 General Benefits
1.1.3 General Drawbacks
1.2 PROHIBIT FURTHER CHANNELIZATION
1.2.1 Overview of Technique
1.2.2 General Benefits
1.2.3 General Drawbacks
1.3 RESTORATION OF CHANNELIZED RIVER AND STREAM REACHES
1.3.1 Overview of Technique
1.3.2 General Benefits
1.3.3 General Drawbacks
1.4 PRE-IMPLEMENTATION EVALUATION OF PROPOSED ENHANCEMENTS
1.4.1 Overview of Technique
1.4.2 General Benefits
1.4.3 General Drawbacks
1.5 INSTALL GRADE CONTROL STRUCTURES AND CHECK DAMS
1.5.1 Overview of Technique
1.5.2 General Benefits
1.5.3 General Drawbacks
1.6 INSTALL LARGE WOODY DEBRIS STRUCTURES
1.6.1 Overview of Technique
1.6.2 General Benefits
1.6.3 General Drawbacks
1.7 INSTALL OTHER HABITAT COMPLEXITY STRUCTURES
1.7.1 Overview of Technique
1.7.2 General Benefits
1.7.3 General Drawbacks
1.8 BANK PROTECTION THROUGH VEGETATION MANAGEMENT
1.8.1 Overview of Technique
1.8.2 General Benefits
1.8.3 General Drawbacks
1.9 STRUCTURAL BANK PROTECTION USING BIOENGINEERING METHODS
1.9.1 Overview of Technique
1.9.2 General Benefits
1.9.3 General Drawbacks
1.10 STRUCTURAL BANK PROTECTION USING ENGINEERED STRUCTURES
1.10.1 Overview of Technique
1.10.2 General Benefits
1.10.3 General Drawbacks
1.11 REMOVE DEBRIS FUNCTIONING AS BARRIERS TO PASSAGE
1.11.1 Overview of Technique
1.11.2 General Benefits
1.11.3 General Drawbacks
1.12 HARDENED FORDS
1.12.1 Overview of Technique
1.12.2 General Benefits
1.12.3 General Drawbacks
1.13 CULVERT REMOVAL/REPLACEMENT TO IMPROVE FISH PASSAGE
1.13.1 Overview of Technique
1.13.2 General Benefits
1.13.3 General Drawbacks
1.14 REDUCE SCOUR AND DEPOSITION AT HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES
1.14.1 Overview of Technique
1.14.2 General Benefits
1.14.3 General Drawbacks
1.15 FISH PASSAGE ENHANCEMENT-FISHWAYS
1.15.1 Overview of Technique
1.15.2 General Benefits
1.15.3 General Drawbacks
1.16 SPAWNING HABITAT ENHANCEMENTS
1.16.1 Overview of Technique
1.16.2 General Benefits
1.16.3 General Drawbacks
1.17 REARING HABITAT ENHANCEMENTS"
1.17.1 Overview of Technique
1.17.2 General Benefits
1.17.3 General Drawbacks
2.1 Maintain Healthy Riparian Plant Communities
2.1.1 Overview of Technique
2.1.2 General Benefits
2.1.3 General Drawbacks
2.2 Plant/Protect Conifers in Riparian Areas for Thermal Cover
2.2.1 Overview of Technique
2.2.2 General Benefits
2.2.3 General Drawbacks
2.3 CREATION OF WETLANDS TO PROVIDE NEAR-CHANNEL HABITAT AND STORE WATER FOR LATER USE
2.3.1 Overview of Technique
2.3.2 General Benefits
2.3.3 General Drawbacks
2.4 PROVIDE FILTER STRIPS TO CATCH SEDIMENT AND OTHER POLLUTANTS
2.4.1 Overview of Technique
2.4.2 General Benefits
2.4.3 General Drawbacks
2.5 PLANT WINDBREAKS
2.5.1 Overview of Technique
2.5.2 General Benefits
2.5.3 General Drawbacks
2.6 NATIVE SEEDS INVENTORIES
2.6.1 Overview of Technique
2.6.2 General Benefits
2.6.3 General Drawbacks
2.7 Avoid Exotic Species
2.7.1 Overview of Technique
2.7.2 General Benefits
2.7.3 General Drawbacks
2.8 CONSTRUCT WETLANS TREATMENT SYSTEMS
2.8.1 Overview of Technique
2.8.2 General Benefits
2.8.3 General Drawbacks
2.9 Mechanical Vegetation Removal
2.9.1 Overview of Technique
2.9.2 General Benefits
2.9.3 General Drawbacks
2.10 BIOLOGICAL VEGETATION CONTROL
2.10.1 Overview of Technique
2.10.2 General Benefits
2.10.3 General Drawbacks
2.11 HAND PULLING
2.11.1 Overview of Technique
2.11.2 General Benefits
2.11.3 General Drawbacks
2.12 Prescribed Burning
2.12.1 Overview of Technique
2.12.2 General Benefits
2.12.3 General Drawbacks
2.13 Reduce Shade to Increase Primary Food Production
2.13.1 Overview of Technique
2.13.2 General Benefits
2.13.3 General Drawbacks
2.14 Enhance Large Woody Debris Recruitment
2.14.1 Overview of Technique
2.14.2 General Benefits
2.14.3 General Drawbacks
2.15 Acquisition of Sensitive Riparian Resources
2.15.1 Overview of Technique
2.15.2 General Benefits
3.1 Plant/Protect Vegetative/Conservation Cover
3.1.1 Overview of Technique
3.1.2 General Benefits
3.1.3 General Drawbacks
3.2 Conservation Cropping Sequence
3.2.1 Overview of Technique
3.2.2 General Benefits
3.2.3 General Drawbacks
3.3 Conservation Tillage
3.3.1 Overview of Technique
3.3.2 General Benefits
3.3.3 General Drawbacks
3.4 Contour Farming
3.4.1 Overview of Technique
3.4.2 General Benefits
3.4.3 General Drawbacks
3.5 CONTOUR ORCHARDS AND FRUIT CROPS
3.5.1 Overview of Technique
3.5.2 General Benefits
3.5.3 General Drawbacks
3.6 COVER AND GREEN MANURE CROP
3.6.1 Overview of Technique
3.6.2 General Benefits
3.6.3 General Drawbacks
3.7 CRITICAL AREA PLANTING
3.7.1 Overview of Technique
3.7.2 General Benefits
3.7.3 General Drawbacks
3.8 DELAYED SEED BED PREPARATION
3.8.1 Overview of Technique
3.8.2 General Benefits
3.8.3 General Drawbacks
3.9 GRASSES AND LEGUMES IN ROTATION
3.9.1 Overview of Technique
3.9.2 General Benefits
3.9.3 General Drawbacks
3.10 CONTOUR STRIPCROPPING
3.10.1 Overview of Technique
3.10.3 General Drawbacks
3.11 FIELD STRIPCROPPING
3.11.1 Overview of Technique
3.11.2 General Benefits
3.11.3 General Drawbacks
3.12 Terracing
3.12.1 Overview of Technique
3.12.2 General Benefits
3.12.3 General Drawbacks
3.13 DIVERSION DITCH
3.13.1 Overview of Technique
3.13.2 General Benefits
3.13.3 General Drawbacks
3.14 FIELD BORDER
3.14.1 Overview of Technique
3.14.2 General Benefits
3.14.3 General Drawbacks
3.15 FILTER STRIP
3.15.1 Overview of Technique
3.15.2 General Benefits
3.15.3 General Drawbacks
3.16 GRASSED WATERWAY
3.16.1 Overview of Technique
3.16.2 General Benefits
3.16.3 General Drawbacks
3.17 SEDIMENT BASINS
3.17.1 Overview of Technique
3.17.2 General Benefits
3.17.3 General Drawbacks
3.18 SEDIMENT AND WATER CONTROL BASINS
3.18.1 Overview of Technique
3.18.2 General Benefits
3.18.3 General Drawbacks
3.19 Zoning/Land Use Planning
3.19.1 Overview of Technique
3.19.2 General Benefits
3.19.3 General Drawbacks
3.20 Plant Windbreaks
3.20.1 Overview of Technique
3.20.3 General Drawbacks
3.21 Avoid Impounding Needed Flushing Flow
3.21.1 Overview of Technique
3.21.2 General Benefits
3.21.3 General Drawbacks
3.22 Release Impounded Water to Flush Gravels
3.22.1 Overview of Technique
3.22.2 General Benefits
3.22.3 General Drawbacks
3.23 CHEMICAL MANAGEMENT PLANS
3.23.1 Overview of Technique
3.23.2 General Benefits
3.23.3 General Drawbacks
3.24 FERTILIZER APPLICATION: RATES AND TIMING
3.24.1 Overview of Technique
3.24.2 General Benefits
3.24.3 General Drawbacks
3.25 FERTILIZER RECOVERY AND STABILIZATION
3.25.1 Overview of Technique
3.25.2 General Benefits
3.25.3 General Drawbacks
3.26 Evaluate Field Limitations
3.26.1 Overview of Technique
3.26.2 General Benefits
3.26.3 General Drawbacks
3.27 EQUIPMENT CALIBRATION AND USE
3.27.1 Overview of Technique
3.27.2 General Benefits
3.27.3 General Drawbacks
3.28 ALTERNATIVE PEST MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
3.28.1 Overview of Technique
3.28.2 General Benefits
3.28.3 General Drawbacks
3.29 HERBICIDE/PESTICIDE APPLICATION
3.29.1 Overview of Technique
3.29.2 General Benefits
3.29.3 General Drawbacks
3.30 APPLY HERBICIDES/PESTICIDES SELECTIVELY
3.30.1 Overview of Technique
3.30.2 General Benefits
3.30.3 General Drawbacks
3.31 HERBICIDE/PESTICIDE APPLICATION RATES
3.31.1 Overview of Technique
3.31.2 General Benefits
3.31.3 General Drawbacks
3.32 ANTI-BACKFLOW DEVICES ON HOSES
3.32.1 Overview of Technique
3.32.2 General Benefits
3.32.3 General Drawbacks
3.33 ENFORCE CURRENT HERBICIDE/PESTICIDE USE REGULATIONS
3.33.1 Overview of Technique
3.33.2 General Benefits
3.33.3 General Drawbacks
3.34 AERIAL SPRAY APPLICATIONS: BUFFER ZONES
3.34.1 Overview of Technique
3.34.2 General Benefits
3.34.3 General Drawbacks
3.35 AERIAL SPRAY APPLICAATIONS: ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS
3.35.1 Overview of Technique
3.35.2 General Benefits
3.35.3 General Drawbacks
3.36 SLOW-RELEASE FERTILIZERS
3.36.1 Overview of Technique
3.36.2 General Benefits
3.36.3 General Drawbacks
3.37 SPILL CONTINGENCY PLANNING
3.37.1 Overview of Technique
3.37.2 General Benefits
3.37.3 General Drawbacks
4.1 IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT
4.1.1 Overview of Technique
4.1.2 General Benefits
4.1.3 General Drawbacks
4.2 WATER MESURING DEVICES
4.2.1 Overview of Technique
4.2.2 General Benefits
4.2.3 General Drawbacks
4.3 SOIL AND CROP WATER USE DATA
4.3.1 Overview of Technique
4.3.2 General Benefits
4.3.3 General Drawbacks
4.4 SOIL WATER BY TENSIONMENTERS
4.4.1 Overview of Technique
4.4.2 General Benefits
4.4.3 General Drawbacks
4.5 DRIP OR TRICKLE IRRIGATION
4.5.1 Overview of Technique
4.5.2 General Benefits
4.5.3 General Drawbacks
4.6 SPRINKLER IRRIGATION
4.6.1 Overview of Technique
4.6.2 General Benefits
4.6.3 General Drawbacks
4.7 IRRIGATION BY SURFACE OR SUBSURFACE MEANS
4.7.1 Overview of Technique
4.7.2 General Benefits
4.7.3 General Drawbacks
4.8 WATER CONVEYANCE: DITCHES AND CANALS
4.8.1 Overview of Technique
4.8.2 General Benefits
4.8.3 General Drawbacks
4.9 WATER CONVEYANCE: DITCH AND CANAL LINING
4.9.1 Overview of Technique
4.9.2 General Benefits
4.9.3 General Drawbacks
4.10 WATER CONVEYANCE: PIPELINE
4.10.1 Overview of Technique
4.10.2 General Benefits
4.10.3 General Drawbacks
4.11 TAILWATER RECOVERY
4.11.1 Overview of Technique
4.11.2 General Benefits
4.11.3 General Drawbacks
4.12 FILTER STRIP
4.12.1 Overview of Technique
4.12.2 General Benefits
4.12.3 General Drawbacks
4.13 SURFACE DRAINAGE DITCH
4.13.1 Overview of Technique
4.13.2 General Benefits
4.13.3 General Drawbacks
4.14 SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE COLLECTION
4.14.1 Overview of Technique
4.14.2 General Benefits
4.14.3 General Drawbacks
4.15 WATER TABLE CONTROL
4.15.1 Overview of Technique
4.15.2 General Benefits
4.15.3 General Drawbacks
4.16 Backflow Safety Devices
4.16.1 Overview of Technique
4.16.2 General Benefits
4.16.3 General Drawbacks
4.17 LIMIT INTERWATERSHED DIVERSIONS AND RETURNS
4.17.1 Overview of Technique
4.17.2 General Benefits
4.17.3 General Drawbacks
4.18 PURCHASE/NEGOTIATE WATER RIGHT
4.18.1 Overview of Technique
4.18.2 General Benefits
4.18.3 General Drawbacks
4.19 FILE FOR INSTREAM WATER RIGHT
4.19.1 Overview of Technique
4.19.2 General Benefits
4.19.3 General Drawbacks
4.20 WELL CONSTRUCTION FOR PRIMARY WATER SOURCE
4.20.1 Overview of Technique
4.20.2 General Benefits
4.20.3 General Drawbacks
4.21 IMPOUNDMENTS FOR WATER SOURCE
4.21.1 Overview of Technique
4.21.2 General Benefits
4.21.3 General Drawbacks
4.22 AVOID EXCESS IRRIGATION FLOWS
4.22.1 Overview of Technique
4.22.2 General Benefits
4.22.3 General Drawbacks
4.23 INTAKE AND RETURN DIVERSION SCREENS
4.23.1 Overview of Technique
4.23.2 General Benefits
4.23.3 General Drawbacks
4.24 Protect Springs
4.24.1 Overview of Technique
4.24.2 General Benefits
4.24.3 General Drawbacks
4.25 CONSOLIDATE/REPLACE IRRIGATION DIVERSION DAMS
4.25.1 Overview of Technique
4.25.2 General Benefits
4.25.3 General Drawbacks
5.1 HEAVY USE AREA PROTECTION
5.1.1 Overview of Technique
5.1.2 General Benefits
5.1.3 General Drawbacks
5.2 MANAGE RUNOFF FROM IMPERVIOUS SURFACES
5.2.1 Overview of Technique
5.2.2 General Benefits
5.2.3 General Drawbacks
5.3 WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN
5.3.1 Overview of Technique
5.3.2 General Benefits
5.3.3 General Drawbacks
5.4 WASTE STORAGE AND TREATMENT
5.4.1 Overview of Technique
5.4.2 General Benefits
5.4.3 General Drawbacks
5.5 LAND APPLICATION OF WASTES
5.5.1 Overview of Technique
5.5.2 General Benefits
5.5.3 General Drawbacks
5.6 COMPOSTING FACILITY
5.6.1 Overview of Technique
5.6.2 General Benefits
5.6.3 General Drawbacks
5.7 CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS FOR TREATMENT OF AGRICUL TURAL WASTES
5.7.1 Overview of Technique
5.7.2 General Benefits
5.7.3 General Drawbacks
5.8 COMMERCIAL DISPOSAL SERVICE
5.8.1 Overview of Technique
5.8.2 General Benefits
5.8.3 General Drawbacks
5.9 LANDFILL BURIAL OF WASTES
5.9.1 Overview of Technique
5.9.2 General Benefits
5.9.3 General Drawbacks
5.10 INCINERATE WASTES
5.10.1 Overview of Technique
5.10.2 General Benefits
5.10.3 General Drawbacks
5.11 HARDENED FORDS FOR LIVESTOCK CROSSINGS OF STREAMS
5.11.1 Overview of Technique
5.11.2 General Benefits
5.11.3 General Drawbacks
5.12 SEASONAL USE OF FORDS AND SURFACE WATERS
5.12.1 Overview of Technique
5.12.2 General Benefits
5.12.3 General Drawbacks
5.13 ALTERNATIVE WATER SOURCES
5.13.1 Overview of Technique
5.13.2 General Benefits
5.13.3 General Drawbacks
6.1 DEFERRED GRAZING
6.1.1 Overview of Technique
6.1.2 General Benefits
6.1.3 General Drawbacks
6.2 PLANNED GRAZING SYSTEM
6.2.1 Overview of Technique
6.2.2 General Benefits
6.2.3 General Drawbacks
6.3 CONTROL GRAZING INTENSITY
6.3.1 Overview of Technique
6.3.2 General Benefits
6.3.3 General Drawbacks
6.4 PASTURE AND HAYLAND MANAGEMENT
6.4.1 Overview of Technique
6.4.2 General Benefits
6.4.3 General Drawbacks
6.5 WATER SUPPLY: PIPELINE
6.5.1 Overview of Technique
6.5.2 General Benefits
6.5.3 General Drawbacks
6.6 WATER POLICY: PONDS
6.6.1 Overview of Technique
6.6.2 General Benefits
6.6.3 General Drawbacks
6.7 WATER SUPPLY: TROUGH
6.7.1 Overview of Technique
6.7.2 General Benefits
6.7.3 General Drawbacks
6.8 WATER POLICY: WELL
6.8.1 Overview of Technique
6.8.2 General Benefitsater Supply: Well
6.8.3 General Drawbacks
6.9 WATER SUPPLY: SPRING DEVELOPMENT
6.9.1 Overview of Technique
6.9.2 General Benefits
6.9.3 General Drawbacks
6.10 ACCESS: FENCING
6.10.1 Overview of Technique
6.10.2 General Benefits
6.10.3 General Drawbacks
6.11 ACCESS: TRAILS/FORDS AT STREAM CROSSING
6.11.1 Overview of Technique
6.11.2 General Benefits
6.11.3 General Drawbacks
6.12 VEGETATION STABILIZATION: PASTURE PLANTING
6.12.1 Overview of Technique
6.12.2 General Benefits
6.12.3 General Drawbacks
6.13 VEGETATION STABILIZATION: CRITICAL AREA PLANTING
6.13.1 Overview of Technique
6.13.2 General Benefits
6.13.3 General Drawbacks
6.14 VEGETATION STABILIZATION: CRITICAL AREA PLANTING
6.14.1 Overview of Technique
6.14.2 General Benefits
6.14.3 General Drawbacks
6.15 Vegetation Stabilization: Brush/Weed Management
6.15.1 Overview of Technique
6.15.2 General Benefits
6.15.3 General Drawbacks
6.16 MONITOR WILDLIFE
6.16.1 Overview of Technique
6.16.2 General Benefits
6.16.3 General Drawbacks
6.17 WILDLIFE HARVESTING
6.17.1 Overview of Technique
6.17.3 General Drawbacks
6.18 HEAVY USE AREA MANAGEMENT
6.18.1 Overview of Technique
6.18.2 General Benefits
6.18.3 General Drawbacks
7.1 PRE-PLAN ROAD LOCATION
7.1.1 Overview of Technique
7.1.2 General Benefits
7.1.3 General Drawbacks
7.2.1 Overview of Technique
7.2.2 General Benefits
7.2.3 General Drawbacks
7.3 MINIMIZE EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION DURING STREAM CROSSING CONSTRUCTION
7.3.1 Overview of Technique
7.3.2 General Benefits
7.3.3 General Drawbacks
7.4 DIVERT WATER AROUND CONSTRUCTION OF LARGER STRUCTURES
7.4.1 Overview of Technique
7.4.2 General Benefits
7.4.3 General Drawbacks
7.5 AVOID STREAM CROSSINGS OUTSIDE OF CONSTRUCTION WINDOWS
7.5.1 Overview of Technique
7.5.2 General Benefits
7.5.3 General Drawbacks
7.6 REDUCE RISK OF ROAD-RELATED MASS FAILURES
7.6.1 Overview of Technique
7.6.2 General Benefits
7.6.3 General Drawbacks
7.7 REDUCE RISK OF ROAD-RELATED SURFACE EROSION
7.7.1 Overview of Technique
7.7.2 General Benefits
7.7.3 General Drawbacks
7.8 DRAINAGE CONTROL TO MINIMIZE EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION
7.8.1 Overview of Technique
7.8.2 General Benefits
7.8.3 General Drawbacks
7.9 AVOID CONSTRUCTION DURING INCLEMENT WEATHER
7.9.1 Overview of Technique
7.9.2 General Benefits
7.9.3 General Drawbacks
7.10 EROSION CONTROL AND REVEGETATION AT PROJECT COM
7.10.1 Overview of Technique
7.10.2 General Benefits
7.10.3 General Drawbacks
7.11 SLASH MANAGEMENT
7.11.1 Overview of Technique
7.11.2 General Benefits
7.11.3 General Drawbacks
7.12 Intersections with Paved Roads
7.12.1 Overview of Technique
7.12.2 General Benefits
7.12.3 General Drawbacks
7.13 GRADE ROAD
7.13.1 Overview of Technique
7.13.2 General Benefits
7.13.3 General Drawbacks
7.14 DITCH AND CULVERT CLEAING
7.14.1 Overview of Technique
7.14.2 General Benefits
7.14.3 General Drawbacks
7.15 GRASSED ROAD SURFACE MANAGEMENT
7.15.1 Overview of Technique
7.15.2 General Benefits
7.15.3 General Drawbacks
7.16 REMOVE TEMPORARY STREAM CROSSINGS
7.16.1 Overview of Technique
7.16.2 General Benefits
7.16.3 General Drawbacks
7.17 ACCESS MANAGEMENT
7.17.1 Overview of Technique
7.17.2 General Benefits
7.17.3 General Drawbacks
7.18 ROAD CLOSURE
7.18.1 Overview of Technique
7.18.2 General Benefits
7.18.3 General Drawbacks
7.19 WATER BARS
7.19.1 Overview of Technique
7.19.2 General Benefits
7.19.3 General Drawbacks
7.20 INSPECT CLOSED ROADS
7.20.1 Overview of Technique
7.20.2 General Benefits
7.20.3 General Drawbacks
7.21 RELOCATE ROADS
7.21.1 Overview of Technique
7.21.2 General Benefits
7.21.3 General Drawbacks
8.1 SMA WIDTHS
8.1.1 Overview of Technique
8.1.2 General Benefits
8.1.3 General Drawbacks
8.2 MINIMIZE DISTURBANCES SMA
8.2.1 Overview of Technique
8.2.2 General Benefits
8.2.3 General Drawbacks
8.3 LOCATE LANDINGS AND ROADS OUTSIDE SMA
8.3.1 Overview of Technique
8.3.2 General Benefits
8.3.3 General Drawbacks
8.4 APPROPRIATE CHEMICAL USAGE IN SMA
8.4.1 Overview of Technique
8.4.2 General Benefits
8.4.3 General Drawbacks
8.5 DIRECTIONAL FALLING OF TREES
8.5.1 Overview of Technique
8.5.2 General Benefits
8.5.3 General Drawbacks
8.6 HARVESTING RESTRICTIONS
8.6.1 Overview of Technique
8.6.2 General Benefits
8.6.3 General Drawbacks
8.7 REMOVAL OF INTRODUCED TREES AND SLASH
8.7.1 Overview of Technique
8.7.2 General Benefits
8.7.3 General Drawbacks
8.8 TIMBER HARVEST UNIT DESIGN
8.8.1 Overview of Technique
8.8.2 General Benefits
8.8.3 General Drawbacks
8.9 DETERMINING GUIDELINES FOR YARDING OPERATIONS
8.9.1 Overview of Technique
8.9.2 General Benefits
8.9.3 General Drawbacks
8.10 STREAM CHANNEL PROTECTION DURING TIMBER HARVEST
8.10.1 Overview of Technique
8.10.2 General Benefits
8.10.3 General Drawbacks
8.11 EQUIPMENT SERVICING
8.11.1 Overview of Technique
8.11.2 General Benefits
8.11.3 General Drawbacks
8.12 PRESCRIBED BURNING
8.12.1 Overview of Technique
8.12.2 General Benefits
8.12.3 General Drawbacks
8.13 STAND THINNING
8.13.1 Overview of Technique
8.13.2 General Benefits
8.13.3 General Drawbacks
8.14 PLANT/PRESERVE TREES IN UNDERSTOCKED AREAS
8.14.1 Overview of Technique
8.14.2 General Benefits
8.14.3 General Drawbacks
8.15 MANAGE STANDS TO ENHANCE SNOWPACK
8.15.1 Overview of Technique
8.15.2 General Benefits
8.15.3 General Drawbacks
8.16 STUDY REWARD/PENALTY SYSTEM
8.16.1 Overview of Technique
8.16.2 General Benefits
8.16.3 General Drawbacks
8.17 SEED AND SPECIES SELECTION
8.17.1 Overview of Technique
8.17.2 General Benefits
8.17.3 General Drawbacks
8.18 PRIORITY AREAS
8.18.1 Overview of Technique
8.18.2 General Benefits
8.18.3 General Drawbacks
8.19 OPTIMUM SEEDING PERIODS
8.19.1 Overview of Technique
8.19.2 General Benefits
8.19.3 General Drawbacks
8.20 MULCHING
8.20.1 Overview of Technique
8.20.2 General Benefits
8.20.3 General Drawbacks
8.21 FERTILIZATION
8.21.1 Overview of Technique
8.21.2 General Benefits
8.21.3 General Drawbacks
8.22.1 Overview of Technique
8.22.2 General Benefits
8.22.3 General Drawbacks
8.23 MONITOR REVEGATATED AREAS
8.23.1 Overview of Technique
8.23.2 General Benefits
8.23.3 General Drawbacks
8.24 VEGETATE STEEP SLOPES
8.24.1 Overview of Technique
8.24.2 General Benefits
8.24.3 General Drawbacks
8.25 INTERIM STABILIZATION METHODS
8.25.1 Overview of Technique
8.25.2 General Benefits
8.25.3 General Drawbacks
8.26 AGGRESSIVE FIRE SUPPRESSION
8.26.1 Overview of Technique
8.26.2 General Benefits
8.26.3 General Drawbacks
8.27 NATURAL FIRE CONTROL
8.27.1 Overview of Technique
8.27.2 General Benefits
8.27.3 General Drawbacks
8.28 PRESCRIBED BURNING TO REDUCE FUELS
8.28.1 Overview of Technique
8.28.2 General Benefits
8.28.3 General Drawbacks
8.29 SEASONAL GRAZING MANAGEMENT TO REDUCE FUELS
8.29.1 Overview of Technique
8.29.2 General Benefits
8.29.3 General Drawbacks
8.30 WILDFIRE CONTINGENCY WATERSHED RESTORAATION PLANS
8.30.1 Overview of Technique
8.30.2 General Benefits
8.30.3 General Drawbacks
9.1 ZONING/LAND USE PLANNING
9.1.1 Overview of Technique
9.1.2 General Benefits
9.1.3 General Drawbacks
9.2 URBAN RUNOFF FACILITIES
9.2.1 Overview of Technique
9.2.2 General Benefits
9.2.3 General Drawbacks
9.3 LIMIT FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF SEWER SYSTEMS
9.3.1 Overview of Technique
9.3.2 General Benefits
9.3.3 General Drawbacks
9.4 IMPROVE EXISTING SEWER SYSTEMS
9.4.1 Overview of Technique
9.4.2 General Benefits
9.4.3 General Drawbacks
9.5 INDUSTRIAL/CONSTRUCTION CHEMICALS/FUELS
9.5.1 Overview of Technique
9.5.2 General Benefits
9.5.3 General Drawbacks
9.6 PROHIBIT FURTHER CHANNELIZATION
9.6.1 Overview of Technique
9.6.2 General Benefits
9.6.3 General Drawbacks
9.7 AVOID BUILDING OF FLOODPLAINS
9.7.1 Overview of Technique
9.7.2 General Benefits
9.7.3 General Drawbacks
9.8 PUBLIC EDUCATION PROGRAMS
9.8.1 Overview of Technique
9.8.2 General Benefits
9.8.3 General Drawbacks
9.9 RECYCLING PROGRAMS
9.9.1 Overview of Technique
9.9.2 General Benefits
9.9.3 General Drawbacks
9.10 LAWN CARE AND LANDSCAPING
9.10.1 Overview of Technique
9.10.2 General Benefits
9.10.3 General Drawbacks
9.11 ENCOURAGE ONSITE RECYCLING OF YARD TRIMMINGS
9.11.1 Overview of Technique
9.11.2 General Benefits
9.11.3 General Drawbacks
9.12 BIODEGRADABLE CLEANERS
9.12.1 Overview of Technique
9.12.2 General Benefits
9.12.3 General Drawbacks
9.13 PET EXCREMENT
9.13.1 Overview of Technique
9.13.2 General Benefits
9.13.3 General Drawbacks
9.14 STORM DRAIN STENCILING
9.14.1 Overview of Technique
9.14.2 General Benefits
9.14.3 General Drawbacks
9.15 PARKING LOT DESIGN AND STREET MAINTENANCE
9.15.1 Overview of Technique
9.15.2 General Benefits
9.15.3 General Drawbacks
9.16 WATER CONSERVATION PROGRAMS
9.16.1 Overview of Technique
9.16.2 General Benefits
9.16.3 General Drawbacks
9.17 SEPTIC SYSTEM ADDITIVES
9.17.1 Overview of Technique
9.17.2 General Benefits
9.17.3 General Drawbacks
9.18 LITTER CONTROL
9.18.1 Overview of Technique
9.18.2 General Benefits
9.18.3 General Drawbacks
9.19 ADOPT-A-STREAM PROGRAMS
9.19.1 Overview of Technique
9.19.2 General Benefits
9.19.3 General Drawbacks
9.20 DIRECT POLLUTANTS AWAY FROM BRIDGES
9.20.1 Overview of Technique
9.20.2 General Benefits
9.20.3 General Drawbacks
9.21 RESTRICT USE OF BRIDGE SCUPPER DRAINS
9.21.1 Overview of Technique
9.21.2 General Benefits
9.21.3 General Drawbacks
9.22 CONSTRUCTION: EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL PLANS
9.22.1 Overview of Technique
9.22.2 General Benefits
9.22.3 General Drawbacks
9.23 CONSTRUCTION: EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL STRUCTURES
9.23.1 Overview of Technique
9.23.2 General Benefits
9.23.3 General Drawbacks
9.24 CONSTRUCTION: INSPECT EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL STRUCTURES
9.24.1 Overview of Technique
9.24.2 General Benefits
9.24.3 General Drawbacks
9.25 CONSTRUCTION: MINIMIZE RUNOFF TO/FROM SITE
9.25.1 Overview of Technique
9.25.2 General Benefits
9.25.3 General Drawbacks
9.26 ROAD SALT STORAGE AND APPLICATION
9.26.1 Overview of Technique
9.26.2 General Benefits
9.26.3 General Drawbacks
9.27 ALTERNATIVE DEICING MATERIALS
9.27.1 Overview of Technique
9.27.2 General Benefits
9.27.3 General Drawbacks
9.28 ACCUMULATED SNOW DISPOSAL
9.28.1 Overview of Technique
9.28.2 General Benefits
9.28.3 General Drawbacks
10.1 RELOCATE TRAILS AND CAMPGROUNDS
10.1.1 Overview of Technique
10.1.2 General Benefits
10.1.3 General Drawbacks
10.2 IMPLEMENT RECREATIONAL PERMIT SYSTEM
10.2.1 Overview of Technique
10.2.2 General Benefits
10.2.3 General Drawbacks
10.3 IMPROVE CAMPGROUND DESIGN
10.3.1 Overview of Technique
10.3.2 General Benefits
10.3.3 General Drawbacks
10.4 OUTDOORS EDUCATION PROGRAMS
10.4.1 Overview of Technique
10.4.2 General Benefits
10.4.3 General Drawbacks
10.5 FENCE SENSITIVE AREAS FROM RECREATIONISTS
10.5.1 Overview of Technique
10.5.2 General Benefits
10.5.3 General Drawbacks
10.6 IMPLEMENT PACK IN/PACK OUT POLICY
10.6.1 Overview of Technique
10.6.2 General Benefits
10.6.3 General Drawbacks
10.7 SANITATION SERVICES
10.7.1 Overview of Technique
10.7.2 General Benefits
10.7.3 General Drawbacks
10.8 INSTALL PUMP OR SELF-COMPOSTING TOILETS
10.8.1 Overview of Technique
10.8.2 General Benefits
10.8.3 General Drawbacks
10.9 CLOSE STREAM TO FISHING TO PROTECT SENSITIVE FISH SPECIES
10.9.1 Overview of Technique
10.9.2 General Benefits
10.9.3 General Drawbacks
10.10 SEASONAL SPORT FISHERY CLOSURES
10.10.1 Overview of Technique
10.10.2 General Benefits
10.10.3 General Drawbacks
10.11 PROVIDE ALTERNATIVE SPORT FISHING LOCATIONS 10.11.1 Overview of Technique
10.11.2 General Benefits
10.11.3 General Drawbacks
10.12 CONSTRUCT WELL TO PROVIDE WATER TO RECREATIONISTS
10.12.1 Overview of Technique
10.12.2 General Benefits
10.12.3 General Drawbacks
10.13 MANAGEMENT OF OFF ROAD VEHICLE (ORV)USE
10.13.1 Overview of Technique
10.13.2 General Benefits
10.13.3 General Drawbacks
11.1.1 Overview of Technique
11.1.2 General Benefits
11.1.3 General Drawbacks
11.2 SURFACE WATER CONTROL
11.2.1 Overview of Technique
11.2.2 General Benefits
11.2.3 General Drawbacks
11.3 Fish and Wildlife Protection
11.3.1 Overview of Technique
11.3.2 General Benefits
11.3.3 General Drawbacks
11.4 Treatment of Mine Waste
11.4.1 Overview of Technique
11.4.2 General Benefits
11.4.3 General Drawbacks
11.15 Treatment of Mine Waste Runoff
11.5.1 Overview of Technique
11.5.2 General Benefits
11.5.3 General Drawbacks
11.6 Revegetation of Waste Disposal Sites
11.6.1 Overview of Technique
11.6.2 General Benefits
11.6.3 General Drawbacks
11.7 Monitoring Mine Waste Disposal Sites
11.7.1 Overview of Technique
11.7.2 General Benefits
11.7.3 General Drawbacks
11.8 Leaching for Remediation
11.8.1 Overview of Technique
11.8.2 General Benefits
11.8.3 General Drawbacks
11.9 Gravel Mining Window
11.9.1 Overview of Technique
11.9.2 General Benefits
11.9.3 General Drawbacks
11.10 Regulate Stream Dredging
11.10.1 Overview of Technique
11.10.2 General Benefits
11.10.3 General Drawbacks
